# Notes

## **Voting Power**

### The voting power of each validator is calculated using the following formula:

$$
\text{Voting Power of Validator } i = \frac{\text{Staked Tokens of Validator } i}{\sum\_{j=1}^{N} \text{Staked Tokens of All Validators}}
$$

Where:

* (i) represents a specific validator.
* (N) is the total number of validators.
* The sum in the denominator ensures that the voting power is normalized across all validators, and the sum of all voting power equals 1 (or 100%).

## **Transaction Validation Threshold**

### **Blocking Malicious Transactions**:

For a transaction to be flagged and blocked, at least 66% of the voting power must agree that it is malicious.

* Block Transaction 𝑇𝑥 if:

$$
\sum\_{i=1}^{K} Voting Power of Validators Flagging T
x
​
 as Malicious ≥ 66%
$$

Where:

* i represents a specific validator.
* K is the set of validators that flagged the transaction as malicious.
* The summation represents the voting power of validators who believe the transaction is malicious.

### **Approving Transactions**

If the consensus to flag a transaction as malicious **does not** reach 66%, the transaction will be **approved by default**.

Approve Transaction 𝑇𝑥 if:

$$
\sum\_{i=1}^{K} Voting Power of Validators Flagging T
x
​
 as Malicious < 66%
$$

In this case, if the voting power flagging the transaction as malicious is below 66%, the transaction is **approved** by default.

### Summary

* **Weighted Influence**: Validators’ voting power is proportional to their stake, meaning those more at risk significantly influence the decision-making process. This creates a strong incentive for validators to act in the network’s best interest.
* **Broad-based agreement**: The 66% threshold ensures that decisions on transaction validity reflect broad-based agreement among validators. This collective judgment makes it difficult for any single validator or small group to exert undue influence over the consensus, reinforcing the network's decentralized nature.
* **Penalization of Malicious Actors**: Validators who attempt to approve or push through malicious transactions risk losing their staked assets through slashing mechanisms.


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